IPv6 NAT - Needed or not ?

Hi everyone after a long break now we will see about do we need IPv6 NAT or not which will be discussed below.

Network Address Translation (NAT)-Port Translation (PT) for Cisco software based on RFC 2766 and RFC 2765 is a migration tool that helps customers transition their IPv4 networks to IPv6 networks.

It allows direct communication between IPv6-only networks and IPv4-only networks. Dual-stack networks (networks that have IPv4 and IPv6) can have some IPv6-only hosts configured to take advantage of the IPv6 autoconfiguration, global addressing, and simpler management features, and these hosts can use NAT-PT to communicate with existing IPv4-only networks in the same organization.

The benefits of NAT-PT is that no changes are required to existing hosts if NAT-PT is configured, because all NAT-PT configurations are performed at the NAT-PT device. Stable IPv4 networks can introduce an IPv6 network and use NAT-PT to communicate between these networks without disrupting the network.

Why is NAT not needed in IPv6?​

• Because IPv6 has integrated security, there is no need to hide the IPv6 addresses of internal networks.​
• Any host or user can get a public IPv6 network address because the number of available IPv6 addresses is extremely large.​
• The problems that are induced by NAT applications are solved because the IPv6 header improves packet handling by intermediate routers.​
• The end-to-end connectivity problems that are caused by NAT are solved because the number of routes increases with the number of nodes that are connected to the Internet.

Stay tuned for more information and also let me know the answer in comment section below for this question mentioned above. 

What do you meant by Routing Information Protocol ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn in simplified networking terminology on RIP (i.e., Routing Information Protocol).

Now, we can look at RIP in simple points to remember given below;

• It's Administrative Distance value is 120.
• It uses Distance Vector Algorithm.
• Identify best path with hop count and it's Metric is hop.  
• It uses Bellman Ford Algorithm for path selection.
• Support is limited number of hops up to 15.
• It sends periodic up to every 30 seconds and after 180 seconds we consider as dead peer (i.e., 240 seconds as flesh time).

For example: When, we look over RIP configuration lab notes kindly take these notes for your CCNA cert preparation in practical that will be very useful for you in live as shown below.

Router(config)#router rip

Router(config-router)# network <Known Network ID> 

.

.

.

Router(config-router)#exit

To view or check whether rip is active use this routing table configuration

Router#show ip route 

Stay tuned for more information to be shared on networking terminology. On our next post we will learn on types of RIP which will be updated soon. Also you can text at our comment section below for new ideas and click subscribe button to our YouNG channel for lab preparation.

     

Distance Vector

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about distance vector which comes in category of dynamic routing protocol. In simple sentence we are here to explain it in five points to remember for CCNA cert exam.

In simplified, Distance Vector :

• It supports in classful routing by default.
• It sends periodic updates.
• Also they uses Bellman ford algorithm.
• There is a possibility in looping.
• The Routing protocol works in distance vector RIP Router Information Protocol)

Stay tuned for more information will be shared in this blog and also subscribe our YouTube channel make sure text at our comment section below. 

Short note on Static Routing and AD value

Hi everyone, on today we are going learn and discuss about static routing in three points to remember and also AD value.

In simplified, notes to study are given below 

Static Routing: 

• It is manually configuration done in routing.
• Administration should have the knowledge about entire topology.
• AD (Administration Distance) value is 1. 

Syntax: ip route <Unknown Network ID> <Subnet mask> <Next hop ip>

AD value (i.e., Administrative Distance value)

• It ranges from 0 - 255
• It represents the best route in lower the AD and higher in the trust for corporates or officials. 

Example of AD with it's values; 

• Directly connecting (AD value is 0)
• Static (AD value is 1)
• EIGRP (AD value is 90)
• OSPF (AD value is 110)
• RIP (AD value is 120)

Stay tuned for more information to be shared  for CCNA cert preparations and if you know any other than these AD values you can text at our comment section below.

OSPF

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about OSPF lets see in simplified points to understand for cert exams preparation.

In simplified points to remember, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 

• It is a link state routing protocol (LSRP) that uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) network communication algorithm (Dijkstra's algorithm) to calculate the shortest connection path between known devices.
• It is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) that routes Internet Protocol (IP) packets within a single routing network domain only. 
• It finds the best network layout (topology) by calculating shortest device connection paths using the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm.

For Example: A person in this Metro city A wants to travel to city D and is given two options:

• Travels through cities B and C : The route would be ABCD. And the distance (or bandwidth cost in the networking case) for A-B is 10 miles / Km, B-C is 5 miles /  Km and C-D is 10 miles /  Km.
• Travel through city F : The route would be AFD. And the distance for A-F is 20 miles / Km and F-D is 10 miles / Km. (in Kilometres)

The shortest route is always the one with least amount of distance covered in total. 

Thus, the ABCM route is the better option (10+5+10=25), even though the person has to travel to two cities as the associated total cost to travel to the destination is less than the second option with a single city (20+10=30). 

OSPF performs a similar algorithm by first calculating the shortest path between the source and destination based on link bandwidth cost and then allows the network to send and receive IP packets via the shortest route.

Stay tuned for more information to be shared through this blog and also text at our comment section below.

ACL (Access Control Lists)

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about ACL (i.e, Access Control Lists) in simplified terms and how ACL works with an example.

In simple points, ACL  ;

• There are filters that enable you to control which routing updates or packets are permitted or denied in or out of a network.
• They are specifically used by network administrators to filter traffic and to provide extra security for the network (i.e., This can be applied to Cisco routers).
• ACLs provide a powerful way to control traffic into and out of your network 
• This control can be as simple as permitting or denying network hosts or addresses.

How it works ? explained below in simplified format with example ;

A router acts as a packet filter when it forwards or denies packets according to filtering rules. As a Layer 3 device, a packet-filtering router uses rules to determine whether to permit or deny traffic based on source and destination IP addresses, source port and destination port, and the protocol of the packet.

To simplify this note, how ACL or a router uses packet filtering works with a example given below.

Example: Imagine a guard stationed at a locked door. The guard’s instruction is to allow only people whose names appear on a guest list to pass through the door. The guard is filtering people based on the condition of having their names on the authorized list.

When a packet arrives at the router, the router extracts certain information from the packet header and makes decisions according to the filter rules as to whether the packet can pass through or be dropped.

Packet filtering process works at the Network layer of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model or the Internet layer of TCP/IP.

Watch this video given below by click this PLAY > button to see about extended ACL configuration how of our CCNA Lab. Also make sure to share and subscribe our channel. 

What is Dynamic Routing ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about dynamic routing in general networking in everyday life.

In simplified points to remember are ; 

• Dynamic routing is a networking technique that provides optimal data routing. 
• Unlike static routing, dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes. 
• The routing protocol operating on the router is responsible for the creation, maintenance and updating of the dynamic routing table. 
• Dynamic routing uses multiple algorithms and protocols. 
• The most popular are Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF).

But in static routing, all these jobs are manually done by the system administrator.

The cost of routing is a critical factor for all organisations. The least-expensive routing technology is provided by dynamic routing, which automates table changes and provides the best paths for data transmission.

Stay tuned for more information to be shared about networking concepts and ideas to understand basics in it. Also text your thoughts about this in our comment section below.

What is Routing and it's two types ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about static routing in simplified terms to understand.

1. Routing is one of the most essential procedures in data communication. 
2. It ensures that data travels from one network to another with optimal speed and minimal delay, and that its integrity is maintained in the process.

Broadly, routing is performed in two different ways: 

• Dynamic routing continuously updates its routing table with paths and their cost/metric, while making optimal routing decisions based on changing network operating environments.
• Static routing performs routing decisions with preconfigured routes in the routing table, which can be changed manually only by administrators. Static routes are normally implemented in those situations where the choices in route selection are limited, or there is only a single default route available. Also, static routing can be used if you have only few devices for route configuration and there is no need for route change in the future.

For example : When we see in everyday life or in official use for business or any corporate companies they will always go on with this static routing and it is considered as the simplest form of routing. Also, it is a manual configuration and selection of a network route, usually managed by the network administrator. It is employed in scenarios where the network parameters and environment are expected to remain constant. 

Stay tuned for more networking terminology to be shared and also make sure to comment what you have understood from this at our comment section below.

What do you know about router ?

Hi everyone, on today we will learn about routers in simplified terms to prepare and understand for cert exams.

In simple, and also in technical terms to discuss about Router; 

• Routers are small electronic devices that join multiple computer networks together i.e., either wired or wireless connections.
• A router is a Layer 3 network gateway device, meaning that it connects two or more networks and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.
• Routers contain a processor (CPU), several kinds of digital memory, and input-output (I/O) interfaces. 
• They function as special-purpose computers, one that does not require a keyboard or display.

For Example : In general, suppose when you search for www.google.com in your web browser then this will be a request which will be sent from your system to the google's server to serve that web page, now your request which is nothing but a stream of packets don`t just go the google's server straightaway they go through a series of networking devices known as router which accepts this packets and forwards them to correct path. Hence, it reaches to the destination server.

Stay tuned for more information and also you can comment what you understood or is there any thing else to say about this at our comment section below.

What do you know about IPv4 ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to see a short notes to remember for your CCNA certification or as a basic networking knowledge on IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4).

In simplified, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4): 

• It is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol  
• It is a widely used protocol in data communication over different kinds of networks.
• IPv4 is a connectionless protocol used in packet-switched layer networks, such as Ethernet. 
• It provides the logical connection between network devices by providing identification for each device. 
• There are many ways to configure IPv4 with all kinds of devices – including manual and automatic configurations – depending on the network type.

IPv4 is based on the best-effort model. This model guarantees neither delivery nor avoidance of duplicate delivery; these aspects are handled by the upper layer in OSI Model called transport layer. 

Thank you and stay tuned for our next information for networking certification preparation in CCNA. Also you can give suggestions or by sharing your thoughts to this next generation of internet/networking world at out comment section below. 

What is a Broadcast ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about broadcast in simple terms.

Broadcasting is the simultaneous transmission of the same message to multiple recipients. 

In networking terms we can say in short that, 

• Broadcasting occurs when a transmitted data packet is received by all network devices.
• Security issues may arise during broadcasting and lead to data loss if a network is attacked by intruders.  

In a non-networking or an electronic broadcasting, the term broadcasting denotes the transfer of audio and video data between nodes and devices.

Broadcasting may occur in either of the following ways:

• A high-level program operation, such as broadcasting the Message Passing Interface (MPI)
• A low-level networking operation, such as broadcasting via Ethernet.

Broadcasting is basically limited to local area network (LAN) systems. In a LAN however, its performance impact is more substantial in a wide area network (WAN).

Example : Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) uses multicasting, rather than broadcasting, to avoid network interruption when services are required by only one or two nodes. During data transmission, IPv6 transmits data directly to devices and does not disturb network device traffic.

Thanks and stay tuned for more information will be shared for CCNA certs exam. Also make sure that you can text your suggestion for this broadcasting at our comment section below.

What do you meant by Multicast ?

Hi everyone, on today we are going to learn about multicast in simple definition to understand easily.

Multicast is a communication method and data delivery scheme in which a single source sends the same data to multiple receivers simultaneously.

In simple points to remember we can say as;

• The multicast process involves a single sender and multiple receivers.
• User datagram protocol (UDP) is the most common protocol used with multicasting.
• Multicast is one of the packet types in the (Internet Protocol version 6) IPv6. 

Examples: 

1. Email is the best example of multicast, where a user can choose to send mail to many different addresses, rather than a complete contact list. 
2. Another example is the one-to-many multicasting of a streaming video toward many users from a single server. 
3. Another good example is Internet protocol (IP) multicasting, where network nodes, like switches and routers, handle data packet replication through multicast groups. 

Stay tuned for more information to study for cert exams in networking and also basic knowledge to gain through this. Make sure that any other information to share in our comment below.

What do you meant by unicast ?

Hi everyone, well great to see you again on today we are going learn about unicast.

Unicast the term "uni" refers to unique in the sense for networking which is commonly used.

In networking terms now we will see in points to remember;

• A unicast address is an address that identifies a unique node on a network. 
• Unicast addressing is available in both IPv4 and IPv6. 
• Typically, refers to a single sender or a single receiver.
• It can be used in both sending and receiving. 

For simple example to understand : In everyday uses through post mail we send lots of messages by sending and receiving messages or posts through packets, sending orders and receiving in packets from flipkart , etc.

A unicast address packet is transferred to a network node, which includes an interface address. 

So, the unicast address is then inserted into the destination's packet header, which is sent to the network device destination.

"Unicast is the most common form of IP addressing."

Stay tuned for more information on networking concepts to learn and study. Also share this to your friends for preparing CCNA certs make sure comment if you have any ideas on this topic at our comment section below.

5 most important classes to know in IP address

Hi, everyone on today we are going to move on with 5 most important classes you need to know about in IP address in simplified ways.

5 Classes are Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, and Class E. But this will be our new update for CCNA that we are going to learn on only these 3 classes of IP address basics in short notes or details to easily remember are as follows:

In Class A, 

• It ranges from 0 to 127.
• 0 is collected as default ( i.e., 0.0.0.0 ).
• A private IP range can be from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.
• CIDR [Classless Inter Domain Routing] value for Class A is 8. For example., 10.0.0.0/8.  
• There are 1 network and 3 host. Subnet mask will be 255.0.0.0
• 127 network is called as loopback. For example., 127.x.x.x

In Class B,

• It ranges from 128 to 191.
• It's CIDR value is /16.
• Subnet mask will be 255.255.0.0
• There are 2 network and 2 host
• There are 18 private IP address which ranges. i.e., 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x are APIPA [Automatic Private Internet Protocol Address]

In Class C,

• It ranges from 192 to 223
• There 3 network and 1 host
• It's subnet mask will be 255.255.255.0
• It's private IP address ranges from 192.168.0.x to 192.168.255.x

Stay tuned for more information to be shared and also make sure share this to you friends to learn these simplified notes for preparing CCNA. So, far we have learned basic notes on Class A. Class B, and Class C in short points to remember.

What is an IP Address ?

Hi, everyone on today we are going to learn about IP address and it's types.

IP address (Internet Protocol Address) : 

• It is a unique identifying number or logical number for which each and every hardware (such as, PCs, Switch, Router and Printer) within a network based on TCP/IP.
• It is the core component on which the networking architecture is built.
• It has 32 bit address consist of 4 blocks.
• Each block 4 which is made of octets (i.e.,8 bits) and each octet has 4 segregated by dot(.)

Example: 10.0.0.1 (Decimal format)

                00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001 (Binary format)

*IP address ranges from 0 - 255.

IP address has 2 types:

1. Classfull IP address which divides the whole IP address pools into 5 distinct classes A,B,C,D and E.
2. Classless IP address has an arbitrary length of the prefixes.

Thank you and stay tuned for our next information will be shared. Also make sure that share this blog to your friends to learn and also visit our YouTube channel to subscribe. Make sure you comment at our comment section below for more info.  

Simple note on SWITCH

Hi, everyone on today we are going to look over this simple term called as switch.

What does SWITCH means ? 

In simple, we can say that in networking term as switch is a high speed device that receives incoming data packets and redirects them to their destination on a local area network (LAN).

4 Simple points to remember in Switch ;

> It is  an intelligent device

> It consist of multiple ports.

> It works in Layer 2 by enabling ip routing the Layer 3 switches can perform routing function.

> A single physical switch is a single broadcast domain and each port is individual collision domain (i.e., Multiple collision domain). 

Thanks and stay tuned for the next information on switch mode of commands to be used in cisco packet tracer

HUB definition and 3 simple points

Hi, Everyone today we are going to see about hub in simple note.

What is a HUB ?

A HUB is the most basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. 

Unlike a network switch or router, a network hub has no routing tables or intelligence on where to send information and broadcasts all network data across each connection.

3 Simple Key points everyone should always remember ;

• HUB is Non-intelligent device.
• It consist of limited number of ports.
• It has single broadcast domain and collision domain.

Always, stay tuned for the next information in which we will talk about on switch.  

What is meant by Fast Ethernet ?

Hi everyone on today we are going to learn about the Fast Ethernet.It is a standard (IEEE 802.3u) that has been established for Ethernet networks that need higher transmission speeds. This standard raises the Ethernet speed limit from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps with only minimal changes to the existing cable structure. Fast Ethernet provides faster throughput for video, multimedia, graphics, Internet surfing and stronger error detection and correction.

There are three types of Fast Ethernet: 100BASE-TX for use with level 5 UTP cable; 100BASE-FX for use with fiber-optic cable; and 100BASE-T4 which utilizes an extra two wires for use with level 3 UTP cable. The 100BASE-TX standard has become the most popular due to its close compatibility with the 10BASE-T Ethernet standard.

Thank you and stay tuned for more information will to be shared through our comments at the comment section below.

What is meant by Ethernet ?

Hi everyone on today we are going to learn about Ethernet in simple terms to remember easily.

It is the technology that is most commonly used in wired local area networks (LANs). A LAN is a network of computers and other electronic devices that covers a small area such as a room, office, schools, college buildings.

Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN technology in use today. It defines the number of conductors that are required for a connection, the performance thresholds that can be expected, and provides the framework for data transmission. A standard Ethernet network can transmit data at a rate up to 10 Megabits per second (10 Mbps). Other LAN types include Token Ring, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and LocalTalk.

Thanks and stay tuned for more information to be shared at this youngccnaguru also share your notes at comment section below.

Routing Information Protocol

Hi everyone on today we are going to learn about RIP that is routing information protocol. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is one of the oldest distance-vector routing protocols which employ the hop count as a routing metric. RIP prevents routing loops by implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path from source to destination.

RIP is an good example of distance vector routing protocol. RIP is based on the number of hop counts. RIP is good for small networks because it allows only 15 hops in a network. In other words we can say that, if a packet is sent by the RIP protocol then it is discarded after 15 hops.

RIP used to do a modified hop count as a way to determine network distance. (Modified reflects the fact that network engineers can assign paths a higher cost). Other routing protocols push less information of their own onto the network, while RIP pushes its whole routing table every 30 seconds.

What is meant by hop count that we have seen on above sentence ?
Data packets that pass through bridges, routers and gateways as they travel between source and destination. Each time packets are passed to the next network device, a hop occurs. The hop count refers to the number of intermediate devices through which data must pass between source and destination.

Thank you and hit the subscribe button of our YouTube channel in which you can collect more information on lab works also make comments by sharing your ideas on the comment section below.